Advances in bioanalysis methods and pharmacokinetics of polymer nanopharmaceuticals / 药学学报

Polymer nanomaterials have been attracted more and more attention because of their advantages such as long circulation, reduced immunogenicity and less side effects, and have become a hot research topic in nanomaterials. However, the number of polymer nanomedicines successfully applied in clinical application is very limited, and the unsatisfactory pharmacokinetic behavior is one of the main reasons for thisresult. After polymer nanoparticles enter the body, they will release free drugs and polymer excipients. Polymer nanoparticles are the loaded drugs and free drugs are the active chemicals for efficacy, while polymer excipients may cause excipient drug interactions. Therefore, the focus of the pharmacokinetics study of polymer nanoparticles should not be only limited to the free drugs themselves, but should also focus on the loaded drugs, free drugs and polymer excipients. The dynamic changes of polymer excipients and their metabolites pose new requirements and challenges for the bioanalysis of polymer nanomedicines. The characteristics and application scope of common analytical methods for detection polymer nanomedicines including chromatographic assay will be discussed in this paper. Moreover, this review will also summarize the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of polymer nanomedicines. We hope this review will provide reference for the pharmacokinetics study, safety and effectiveness evaluation of polymer nanomedicines.

Application of Rat Model of Neurotic Erectile Dysfunction in Experiment / 中国医学科学院学报

Erectile dysfunction (ED) refers to the persistent inability to achieve and/or maintain a sufficient erection of the penis to obtain a satisfactory sexual life,which affects the quality of life of the patients and their sexual partners.To decipher the pathophysiological mechanism of ED,researchers have established a variety of animal models and achieved a series of progress.The cavernous nerve (CN) of rodents,anatomically similar to that of humans,is cost-effective,thick,and easy to be identified,which has gradually become the mainstream of animal models.In this paper,we reviewed the modeling methods of the neurological ED caused by bilateral CN injury in rats in recent years,summarized the model evaluation indicators,and discussed the application and progress of ED models in basic experimental research.

Study on the establishment and management of GLP in chemical toxicity identification in occupational health institutes / 中国职业医学

@#Abstract: The demand for reliable toxicological data of chemicals runs through every link of occupational health work. The prevention of occupational diseases involves high requirements for the standardization of chemical toxicity assessment in occupational health institutions. Good laboratory practice (GLP) emphasizes the integrity of the test process to trace and supervise the whole process of the test, which is conducive to the standardization of chemical toxicity identification. Therefore, the standardized construction of GLP laboratories is an important starting point for occupational health institutions to carry out chemical toxicity identification. In the construction and management process of GLP laboratories for chemical toxicity identification, occupational health institutions need to build a sound organization and operation system, carry out systematic training and assessment of personnel, establish standard operating norms and emphasize their importance, strengthen the management of facility environment and laboratory, pay attention to quality control and process supervision, and constantly improve their own ability level. To actively adapt to social development and market demand, to provide strong support for occupational health work.

Correlation between postoperative decentration and tilt of aspherical intraocular lens implantation and visual quality / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To investigate the correlation between postoperative lens decentration and tilt and visual quality in eyes implanted with aspherical intraocular lens(IOL)by using a new anterior segment swept-source optical coherence tomography(OCT)CASIA2.METHODS: An observational study. A total of 90 eyes of 62 participants who underwent age-related cataract surgery at 1mo were included. Using CASIA2 by an experienced examiner, IOL tilt and decentration were obtained three consecutive times after mydriasis and the vector mean values were calculated. Double-pass optical quality analysis system(OQAS)and wavefront aberration instrument KR-1W were used for the visual quality measurements, including the total high-order aberration(tHOA), spherical aberration(SA), Coma, objective scatter index(OSI), modulation transfer function cut off frequency(MTF cut off)and Strehl ratio(SR)at 4 and 6mm pupil diameter.RESULTS: IOL decentration was positively correlated with SA(r=0.347, P=0.001)and OSI(r=0.343, P=0.002)at 4mm pupil diameter, and it was negatively correlated with MTF cut off(r=-0.244, P=0.032). There was no significant correlation between IOL decentration and tHOA, Coma and SR. IOL tilt was negatively correlated with MTF cut off(r=0.-345, P=0.002)and SR(r=-0.256, P=0.023)at 4mm pupil diameter, but it was not correlated with tHOA, SA, Coma and OSI. There were no significant correlations between the IOL decentration and tilt and tHOA, SA, Coma, MTF cut off and SR at 6mm pupil diameter.CONCLUSION: After aspherical IOL implantation in age-related cataract patients, IOL decentration was weakly correlated with SA at 4mm pupil diameter, while decentration and tilt were not significantly correlated with other higher-order aberrations. The decentration and tilt were weakly correlated with OSI value and MTF cut off value of the visual quality parameters. The results suggest that clinicians should pay more attention to higher-order aberrations and visual quality during precise cataract surgery.

The surgical skills of single-docking robot-assisted nephroureterectomy in rectus rectilinear cannula placement / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Single-docking robot-assisted laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy is difficult to deal with the distal ureter and bladder. Thirty-two patients with ureter carcinoma underwent single-docking robot-assisted nephroureterectomy in rectus rectilinear cannula placement in our hospital. The advantages include lower surgical difficulty, shorter operation time, less surgical bleeding and damage. This surgical method is a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment for ureter carcinoma.

Geolocation Inference of Forensic Individual Origin by Soil Metagenomic Analysis / 法医学杂志

Objective To preliminarily discuss the feasibility of geolocation inference of forensic individual origin by soil metagenomic analysis. Methods The 33 soil samples from Heilongjiang, Qinghai and Tibet were collected, total bacterial DNA in the samples were extracted, and universal primers were used to amplify the V3 and V4 hypervariable region of bacterial 16S rDNA. The region was sequenced by high-throughput sequencing （HTS） with the MiSeq sequencer. Bioinformatics analysis such as species composition and sample comparison was performed on sequencing data. The richness index and diversity index were calculated based on operational taxonomic unit （OTU） results. Results A total of 2 720 149 sequences were generated by sequencing. Those sequences were clustered into 114 848 OTUs. The Chao1 indexes of soil microorganisms in Heilongjiang, Qinghai, and Tibet were 797.45, 745.11 and 535.98, respectively, and Shannon indexes were 6.46, 6.36 and 6.25, respectively. The number of bacterial species and the community diversity in the soil from high to low were Heilongjiang > Qinghai > Tibet. The composition of soil bacteria in three provinces at various classification levels were obtained, the dominant genuses in Heilongjiang were Chthoniobacteraceae DA101 and an unannotated genus of Thermogemmatisporaceae; the dominant genuses in Qinghai were an unannotated genus of Cytophagaceae and an unannotated genus of Nocardioidaceae; the dominant genuses in Tibet were an unannotated genus of Comamonadaceae and Verrucomicrobiaceae Luteolibacter. The results of principal co-ordinates analysis demonstrated that, according to the weighted UniFrac analysis, the three principle components represented 56.36% of the total variable, and according to the unweighted UniFrac analysis, the three principle components represented 34.81% of the total variable. The samples from the same province could be clustered together, and the species and content of soil microorganisms from different provinces were significantly different. Conclusion Based on the metagenomic analysis method, soil samples from different regions can be effectively distinguished, which has potential application value in geolocation inference of forensic individual origin in the future.

Molecular cloning, expression, and immobilization of glutamate decarboxylase from Lactobacillus fermentum YS2

Background: GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is a four-carbon nonprotein amino acid that has hypotensive, diuretic, and tranquilizing properties. Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is the key enzyme to generate GABA. A simple and economical method of preparing and immobilizing GAD would be helpful for GABA production. In this study, the GAD from Lactobacillus fermentum YS2 was expressed under the control of a stress-inducible promoter and was purified and immobilized in a fusion form, and its reusability was investigated. Results: The fusion protein CBM-GAD was expressed in Escherichia coli DH5α carrying pCROCB-gadB, which contained promoter PrpoS, cbm3 (family 3 carbohydrate-binding module from Clostridium thermocellum) coding sequence, the gadB gene from L. fermentum YS2 coding for GAD, and the T7 terminator. After a one-step purification of CBM-GAD using regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC) as an adsorbent, SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a clear band of 71 kDa; the specific activity of the purified fusion protein CBM-GAD reached 83.6 ± 0.7 U·mg-1. After adsorption onto RAC, the immobilized GAD with CBM3 tag was repeatedly used for GABA synthesis. The protein-binding capacity of RAC was 174 ± 8 mg·g-1. The immobilized CBM-GAD could repeatedly catalyze GABA synthesis, and 8% of the initial activities was retained after 10 uses. We tested the conversion of monosodium glutamate to GABA by the immobilized enzyme; the yield reached 5.15 g/L and the productivity reached 3.09 g/L·h. Conclusions: RAC could be used as an adsorbent in one-step purification and immobilization of CBM-GAD, and the immobilized enzyme could be repeatedly used to catalyze the conversion of glutamate to GABA.

Progress in isoniazid resistant mutant genes and molecular detection methods of Mycobacterium tuberculosis / 天津医药

Tuberculosis is a chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The high financial burden and high incidence rate of tuberculosis have become a critical public health problem in China. Isoniazid, as one of the important first-line drugs in the treatment of clinical patients, drug resistance is becoming increasingly serious because of the lack of standard treatment. At present, the main mechanism of isoniazid resistance is known as gene mutation. How to detect drug resistance gene effectively and accurately is the key to control tuberculosis. In this article, we analyzed the frequent genes (katG, inhA, ndh, ahpC and oxyR) and novel genes (kasA, sigI, furA, mabA, iniABC and efpA) from the perspective of molecular biology, and summarized their diagnostic methods.

The application of dynamic high-frequency ultrasound in the diagnosis of Zenker diverticulum / 中国医学装备

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of high-frequency ultrasound for Zenker diverticulum.Methods: 15 patients who were suspected as Zenker diverticulum through the diagnosis of using high frequency ultrasound were analyzed in the research. Their appearances of ultrasound were summarized, and these results were compared with barium meal at upper gastrointestinal tract and results of postoperative pathology, respectively.Results: In 15 patients, 4 cases were confirmed by adopting barium meal at upper gastrointestinal tract, and 11 cases were confirmed by adopting postoperative pathology. All of lesions in 15 cases were located on the back of left side of the thyroid gland, and there were 3 kinds of sonographic appearance. The first kind was equal echo lesion, and there were spots and schistoses without echo inside lesion, their form showed a semicircle shape. The second kind was hypoechoic, the form showed irregularity or semi cyclic annular, and the border was clear, and there were strong echogenic spots. The third kind was hyperechoic lesions, and the strong echo were movable with morphological changing after the slight pressure of search unit, and slim half ring low echo wall can be seen indistinctly around lesions.Conclusion:High-frequency ultrasonography is a convenient, rapid and non-invasive method for the diagnosis of Zenker diverticulum, and it is helpful to grasp its ultrasonogram characteristic and examination method in early detection of disease, avoiding misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. Therefore, it has important clinical value.

Research progress of application of ultrasound indicator in evaluating endometrial receptivity / 中国医学装备

At present, the evaluation of endometrial receptivity (ER) is a routine research direction in the diagnosis and treatment of infertility, and it has been an key problem that have to be settled urgently in clinical practice. The definition of ER is the ability that endometrium receives embryo implantation, thereby the concept of implantation time windows was proposed. Ultrasound was applied to evaluate ER has series advantages included of convenience, safety, non-invasive and repeatability. Therefore, gynecologists has pay more and more attention to it and it has been the most extensive imaging method in reproductive medicine for studying of ER. This paper through applied ultrasound indicators to review the research progress of evaluating ER from four aspects included morphological index, relative index of blood flow, uterine contraction and endometrial peristaltic wave and endometrial angiography.

Efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil combined with interferon α-2b in treatment of chronic hepatitis B patients / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate clinical efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) combined with interferon α-2b in treatment of chronic hepatitis B.Methods During Jan 2008 to Dec 2014,ninety patients with chronic hepatitis B were divided into adefovir dipivoxil group (33 cases),interferon group (28 cases),and adefovir dipivoxil combined with interferon α-2b group (29 cases).Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization rate,negative rate of HBV-DNA,and HBeAg/anti-HBe seroconversion rates were evaluated among three groups.Results After 48 weeks of treatment,HBeAg negative rate,HBV-DNA negative rate,and ALT normalization rate of combination group were significantly higher than that of interferons αt-2b group and adefovir dipivoxil group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Adefovir dipivoxil combined with interferon α-2b treatment can inhibit the hepatitis B virus,increase the negative rate of HBV-DNA and HBeAg,and reduce liver cell damage.

The efficacy of non-transecting spongiosum end to end anastomosis of urethra for treatment of posterior urethral stricture / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To report preliminary experiences with a novel procedure of end-to-end anastomotic repairment of posterior urethral strictures.Methods From January 2011 to December 2014,a total of 26 patients with posterior urethral strictures(2 patients with exist simultaneously anterior urethral stricture)were treated.The mean age was 43 years (rang 13-83 years).The etiology of urethral strictures were trauma in 23 patients and iatrogenic causes in 3 patients.The mean length of urethral stricture was 2 cm (rang 1-3 cm).Suprapubic cystostomies were performed in all 26 patients.All patients accepted the non-transecting spongiosum bulbar-membranous end to end anastomosis.During the operation,the perineal incision was made.The dorsal stricture urethra was incised,extending to the 1.5 cm normal urethra at each side.Then,the interrupted end to end suture was performed with 3-0 absorbable suture.Results The mean surgical time was 55 minutes in 24 patients(45-65 minutes).There was no evidence of wound infection or urethrocutaneous fistula during perioperation period.The mean follow-up time for 26 patients were 16 months (4 mouths-3 years).There was no recurrent stricture on symptomatic assessment or uroflowmetry.The patients voided well with mean peak flows rate 25.4 ml/s (16.8-59.1 ml/s).Urethrography showed that each patient had a patent urethra with adequate lumen.Conclusions Non-transecting spongiosum end to end anastomosis of urethra technique could retain spongiosal blood support.In present preliminary study,it appears to give similar results as those of traditional anastomotic urethroplasty.

Establishment of a scoring system for predicting the positive rate of prostatic biopsy for prostate cancer / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify the predictors of the positive results of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy for prostate cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses on the relevant data on 385 male patients that underwent TRUS-guided biopsy for prostate cancer, including such potential predictors as age, body mass index (BMI), symptoms, results of digital rectal examination (DRE), tPSA, fPSA, free/total PSA ratio (f/tPSA), prostate volume (PV), and PSA density (PSAD) for identification of the risk factors related to the positive rate of biopsy. Then we constructed a scoring system as a tool for predicting prostate cancer in repeat biopsies and determined the sensitivity of the system by calculating the false positive rate using the receiver operating characteristic curve.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 385 patients, 139 (36.1%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer. On multivariate analysis, age (P < 0.01), DRE (P < 0.01), tPSA (P < 0.01), fPSA (P < 0.01), f/tPSA (P < 0.01), PV (P < 0.01), and PSAD (P < 0.01) were all significant predictors of prostate cancer. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed age, tPSA, f/tPSA, PV, and PSAD to be independent predictors, with ORs and 95% CIs of 1.07 (1.05-1.16), 1.05 (1.02-1.15), 0.97 (0.86-0.99), 0.98 (0.87-0.96), and 1.79 (1.48-2.06), respectively. Moreover, patients with the risk score of 3-5 had a significantly higher rate of prostate cancer than those with 0-2 (64% vs 11%, P < 0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The scoring system on the key predictors of prostate cancer can help urologists to identify the men in need of prostatic biopsy.</p>

Construction of RGD10-NGR9 dual-targeting superparamagnetic iron oxide and its magnetic resonance imaging features in nude mice / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To construct angiogenesis-specific RGD10-NGR9 dual-targeting superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, and to evaluate its magnetic resonamce imaging (MRI) features in nude mice and potential diagnostic value in tumor MRI.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Dual-targeting peptides RGD10-NGR9 were designed and synthesized. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method and the surface was modified to be hydrophilic by coating with dextran. The dual-targeting peptides RGD10-NGR9 were conjugated to USPIO. Cell binding affinity and up-taking ability of the dual-targeting USPIO nanoparticles to integrin ανβ3-APN positive cells were subsequently tested by Prussian blue staining and phenanthroline colorimetry in vitro. The RGD10-NGR9 conjugated with USPIO was injected intravenously into xenograft mice, which were scanned by MRI at predetermined time points. The MRI and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values were calculated to evaluate the ability of dual-targeting USPIO as a potential contrast agent in nude mice.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>P-CLN-Dextran-USPIO nanoparticles with stable physical properties were successfully constructed. The average diameter of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was 8-10 nm, that of Dextran-USPIO was about 20 nm and P-CLN-Dextran-USPIO had an average diameter about 30 nm. The in vitro studies showed a better specificity of dual-targeting USPIO nanoparticles on proliferating human umbilical vein endothelia cells (HUVEC). In vivo, RGD10-NGR9-USPIO showed a significantly reduced contrast in signal intensity and 2.83-times increased the CNR in the tumor MRI in xenograft mice.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This novel synthesized RGD10-NGR9 dual-targeting USPIO is with better specific affinity in vitro and in vivo, and might be used as a molecular contrast agent for tumor angiogenesis MRI.</p>

Submerged fermentation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus YS9 for γ aminobutyric acid (GABA) production

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in central nervous system, and its application in drugs and functional foods has attracted great attention. To enhance production of y-aminobutyric acid, Lactobacillus rhamnosus YS9, a strain isolated from Chinese traditional fermented food pickled vegetable, was grown under submerged fermentation. Its cultivation conditions were investigated. When culture pH condition was adjusted to the optimal pH of glutamate decarboxylase activity, culture of Lb. rhamnosus YS9 in medium supplemented with 200 mM of monosodium glutamate and 200 µM of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), produced 187 mM of GABA.

Biological limit value for occupational exposure to N, N-dimethylacetamide / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish Biological Limit Value (BLV) for N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>201 workers in 3 spandex factories exposed to DMAC were recruited. Air samples were collected using personal air samplers, and urine samples from each works were collected at the end of shift at end of workweek. The urinary metabolite NMAC and air samples of DMAC were determined by gas chromatography (GC). Percentile and relative internal exposure (RIE) were analyzed and proposed a BLV for DMAC.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The number of workers who exposure to DMAC below OELs were 133 (66.2%) among 201 workers monitored. Geometric mean (range) concentration of DMAC in air was 19.4 (0.40 ∼ 300.12) mg/m(3), and that of NMAC in urine was 23.7 (1.30 ∼ 189.42) mg/g Cr. A linear correlation was found between the personal air DMAC and creatinine-adjusted NMAC levels in urine collected at the end of shift at end of workweek (F = 188.872, R(2) = 0.487,P < 0.001). The relationship can be described by the equation Log (NMAC mg/g Cr) = 0.685 + 0.455 log (DMAC mg/m(3)). According to the equation the current China OELs value of 20 mg/m(3) would lead to a mean NMAC concentration of 18.92 mg/g Cr. The 90th percentile biomonitoring result below 20 mg/m(3) 8-hour TWA is 23.9 mg MMAC mg/g Cr, and that of NMAC in urine calculated by relative internal exposure (RIE) was 19.0 mg/g Cr.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A BLV of 20 mg/g Cr NMAC in urine at the end of shift at end of workweek for DMAC was recommend by reference to official values from other countries.</p>

Umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation via hepatic artery in treatment of liver cirrhosis / 中华全科医师杂志

Thirty four patients with decompensated cirrhosis received umbilical blood stem cell transplantation via hepatic artery from December 2008 to August 2009. The symptoms and biochemical testing results were observed before and after stem cell transplantation. One month after the transplantation,appetite was improved in 32 patients ( 94% ), physical capacity improved in 29 patients ( 85% ) and the abdominal distention relieved in 28 patients (82%). Abdominal B-ultrasonography showed that ascites decreased in 15 cases(60% ), and disappeared in 9 cases(36% ). Six month later the mean serum albumin levels were increased from ( 30. 9 ± 0. 6) g/L to ( 35.5 ± 2. 5 ) g/L( P ＞ 0. 05 );alanine aminotransferase levels decreased from (57 ±7) U/L to (46 ± 10) U/L(P ＞0. 05);total bilirubin decreased from (47 ±5 )μmol/L to (25 ±4) μmol/L(P =0. 017);prothrombin time decreased from ( 17.9 ±0. 7) s to ( 16. 4 ±1.3) s (P ＞ 0. 05 ). Hemophagocytic syndrome developed in one case but no severe adverse reactions occurred. The results indicate that umbilical blood stem cell transplantation may improve liver function in various degrees with safety for patients with liver cirrhosis.

Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of partial trisomy 4q and partial monosomy 10q in a patient / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To ascertain the karyotype of a girl with moderate mental retardation and growth retardation, perform correlation analysis between chromosomal variation and phenotype, and investigate the application and superiority of array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) in clinical cytogenetic diagnosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>G-banded chromosome analysis, array-CGH, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) were used to ascertain the karyotype of the patient and her relatives.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>G-banding analysis of the patient showed a derivative chromosome 10 with an extra fragment on its long arm terminal, both her father and grandmother had an apparently balanced translocation t(4;10)(q25;q26). Array-CGH revealed that the breakpoint on chromosome 4 was located at 4q26. In addition, a microdeletion of about 0.54 Mb del(10)(q26.3) was identified from the patient. FISH and RQ-PCR confirmed that the del(10)(q26.3) was also present in both her father and grandmother.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>No recognizable phenotype was associated with del(10)(q26.3). The abnormal phenotypes presented in the patient may be ascribed to the 4q26-q35.2 triplication. Further more, compared with conventional cytogenetic analysis, array-CGH is of high resolution and high accuracy.</p>

Correlations between preS1-antigen, HBV-DNA and HBV serum markers in patients with chronic hepatitis B / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the correlations between preS1 antigen, HBV-DNA and hepatitis B virus (HBV) serum markers in patients with chronic hepatitis B.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The HBV markers, preS1 antigen and HBV-DNA were determined using enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative PCR in 1158 patients with chronic hepatitis B.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In these patients, the HBV-DNA positivity rate was 68.9%, significantly higher than preS1 antigen positivity (54.8%, chi2=53.24, P<0.005). The positivity rates of both HBV-DNA and PreS1-antigen were significantly higher in HBeAg-positive patients than in HBeAg-negative patients (P<0.005). The coincident rates of preS1-antigen and HBeAg with HBV-DNA were 56.9% and 63.3%, respectively. PreS1 antigen had higher sensitivity but lower specificity than HBeAg. The detection rates of preS1 antigen and HBeAg increased with the level of HBV-DNA, and preS1 antigen positivity was higher than that of HBeAg in patients with low HBV-DNA levels.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Detection of HBV serum markers along with preS1 antigen and HBV-DNA may help assess the status of viral replication and therapeutic efficacy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. PreS1 antigen may serve as an auxiliary indicator in HBeAg-negative cases or when HBV-DNA detection is impossible.</p>

Advancement in drug therapy of spinal cord injury / 中国骨伤

With the increasing progress to know spinal cord injury (SCI) in experimental and clinical study and the confirming clinical effect to treat SCI with early methylprednisolone in ninety decade of 20th century, the mechanism of methylprednisolone therapy is understood continuously. Based on them above, a lot of new drugs are found effective for SCI. We want to give a review about it.